Lesson 11:Making the most of community Resources and field Trips

              "MAKING THE MOST OF COMMUNITY RESOURCES AND FIELD TRIPS"


        Field trips abolish the "walls"that divide the classroom and the out side world.Field trips also connect people.involved in the field trip-students,teachers,parents,school head-come together for joint planning.Resource person in the community are brought. to the school as key informants in an interview by children or as lecturers.

Lesson:10 Demonstration in Teaching

                                                     
                                                         "Demonstration in Teaching"

       
           Demonstrations  are valuable tools for teaching both concrete techniques (skills) and abstract concepts (principles). A good demonstration permits a student to learn by observation, a skill we use innately when learning to talk, walk, and even clap our hands. They can be used to teach techniques like conducting a counseling session, using a computer program, or drawing blood for analysis. They can also be used to help students learn concepts like profit margin in economics, Boyle's law in chemistry, or probability in mathematics.

 During the demonstration, give a simple explanation for each step as you proceed. Observe students throughout to make sure your pace isn't too fast or too slow. Remember to summarize the demonstration or let students summarize it. This can be done either as you proceed through it or immediately afterward. After the demonstration, review key points with the class. If a significant number of students missed or misunderstood any key points, you may need to repeat the demonstration. As a follow-up exercise, have students apply the concept to a new situation so they can generalize their learning. For technique demonstrations, it is often helpful for students to watch the teacher coach a student volunteer through a technique. The teacher's facility with equipment often hides difficulties which are readily observed in unfamiliar hands. Then have students perform the technique on their own to consolidate learning.

lesson:9 Teaching with Dramatized Experience

                     Teaching with Dramatized Experience

One of the common problems in teaching is the uninterested of the students to learn and listen to the teacher's discussion.One way to remedy this is by dramatization.In this way,the learners get involved in away that they will participate in an interactive and fun way.This also makes the audience(learners) understand easily what is the idea being conveyed as what they have seen on the dramatization being presented.This give a greater impact on the understanding of the  audience because the audience just not know but also feels the idea being conveyed. For teachers,it is important for them to analyze the appropriate instructional materials to used having a mastery on it.Examples of dramatization are role play,pantomine,puppet,pageant etc.

Lesson:8 Teaching with Contrived Experiences

                                                    
                                               Teaching  with Contrived Experience



    These are "edited"copies of reality and are used as substitutes for real things when it is not practical or not possible to bring or do the real thing in the classroom .These contrived experience are designed to simulate to real-life situation.A model is a reproduction of a real thing in a small scale,or large scale,or exact size but made of synthetic materials.

Lesson:7 Direct Purposeful Experiences

                                                     
                                     
                                     Direct
Purposeful Experience and Beyond



    After seeing instructional materials as a whole, let us single out direct, purposeful experiences as instructional materials. This lesson we learn on how can be effectively used for instruction. All these experiences point to the need to use, whenever we can, direct, purposeful experiences in the teaching-learning process. These direct, purposeful experience referred to a first hand experiences that make up the foundation of our learning. These are the rich experiences that our senses bring from which we construct the ideas, the concepts, the generalizations that give meaning and order to our lives. They are sensory experiences.
                       These direct activities may be preparing meals, making a piece of  furniture, doing power point presentation, performing a laboratory experiment, delivering a speech, or taking a trip. It has described as purposeful because the experiences are not purely mechanical. They are not a matter of going through the motion. They are also described as purposeful because these experiences are undergone in relation to a purpose or learning. Out of the direct experience, thoughts or meanings following reflection must flow or run the risk of a lesson consisting of activity after another activity enjoyed by the learners who cannot make connection with the activities themselves. If budget on purchase of instructional materials is one of your worries, to use direct experiences as teaching material sets you free from worry.

Lesson: 6 Using and Evaluating Instructional Materials

                                      

                                     "Using and Evaluating Instructional Materials"

    Instructional materials are highly important for teaching, especially for inexperienced teachers. Teachers rely on instructional materials in every aspect of teaching. They need materials for background information on the subject they are teaching. Young teachers usually have not built up their expertise whenever they enter into the field. Teachers often use instructional materials for lesson planning.  These materials are also needed by teachers to assess the knowledge of their students. Teachers often assess students by assigning tasks, creating projects, and administering exams. Instructional materials are essential for all of these activities.

   Because students spend a significant amount of their classroom time using instructional materials and because of the large variety of available materials, both print and nonprint, it is crucial that all materials be thoroughly evaluated.

   Instructional materials shall be evaluated and selected according to specified procedures by qualified certified staff to ensure that the materials in the educational structure support the curriculum and meet the diverse needs of students. The instructional materials selected must be age and grade appropriate and must contribute to, and be aligned with, the curriculum and competencies.

Lesson 5 The cone of experience

The cone of experience is a visual model,a pictorial device that presents bands of experience arranged according to a degree of abstraction and not degree of difficulty.The farther you go from the bottom of the cone,the more abstract the experience becomes.